At the conclusion of this series, participants will be able to:

• Identify patients who have complex structural and valvular heart disease
• Identify and understand the clinical features, including medical frailty, that may place the patient who has valvular heart disease at higher risk of morbidity or mortality
• Apply diagnostic studies such as echocardiogram, transesophageal echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, specialized CT scans, and STS risk score in evaluation of patients with complex cardiac valve disease
• Apply surgical approaches for the treatment of valvular and structural heart disease